Protist
| Subclass of | Organism  |
|---|---|
| Inception | 2100 million years BCE |
| Taxon name | Protista, Protista |
| Taxon rank | kingdom |
| Parent taxon | Eukaryota |
| Temporal range start | Paleoproterozoic |
| Studied by | protistology |
Protist (protist) awu protoctist du shima alau eukaryoticya donyi dabba gǝnyi ma, kǝska cidiye gǝnyi ma, awu fungi gǝnyi ma. Protistdǝ karapka alabe sandiro sawartimba, awu cladedǝa, sonyayi sandi karapka paraphyleticbe sammaso zaktǝnama kuru kǝska kǝnǝngabe eukaryote sammaso zaktǝnamadǝn, shido shilan kǝska-kaskabe-a, dabba-a fungi-a fǝlangzanadǝn. Sandidə badiyaram lan cell fal, jili kada fəlezayin alaman na amoebae, ciliates, microalgae garu kərrata, kuru nguwusoro, flagellates. Faltǝ kada multicellularityro wagǝzǝna kate protistbedǝn, colonydonyi celldonyi faltinlan sǝta slime kura ro walzǝna, nji alaube jili fungusbe, kuru kajim njibe tissue gade gade.
Protistsdǝ gargamlan sandiya mairi taxonomyibe gadero gotǝna shido shiga Protista awu Protoctistalan notǝnama, aubiya sandiya na fallin kǝltǝna namtǝ mairi adabe kǝskabe-a dabbabe-a algae-a protozoa-a lan. Kǝla kǝltǝ donyi molecular phylogenetic be a electron microscopy be lan, bayan sawu sandi sandi kǝska sandi sandi sandi kǝli sandi” (protist) laa du dabba au kǝska so dǝa karu-karǝn ro fǝlezana, kuru algae dǝ tuwondǝna kǝska kǝska sandi protozoa ye dǝa kǝltǝna ro. Yayaktǝ adǝ waltǝm waltǝm bayantǝna, alamaram alamaram alama nzǝdǝ alamaram alaubedǝa letanaro asuwatǝna.
Yayitǝ donyi zaman be lan, protist du clades kura kadaro tartayin, sandi donyi supergroups lan notǝna ma, kambo nza so siffa nza gade. Alaman, shi Archaeplastidadǝ kambowo soro phototrophs alama algae kime a kǝri a, sandilan kǝska cidiyedǝn wurazana. Opisthokonta du fungi a, dabba a, kuru karenza donyi cell falma so. Amoebozoa a Rhizariaya sandima nji alaube kambowo sandilan dasawuna, alaman na dabba shilan dasawuna so, foraminifera a radiolarians so. Stramenopiles a Alveolata sandi dǝ karapka kǝska be donyi flagellata be du, nguwu so sha parasites be lan tuwandin (alama, oomycetes, apicomplexans) awu phototrophs (diatoms so, algae brown so, dinoflagellates so). Karapka donyi buro salak lan faltana ma, sandi samma so Excavata (alama, euglenids, metamonads), sandima flagellates donyi tahyiraat donyi eukaryoticbe dareye (LECA) wakilzain ma. Adadu alauwa jilitiloa bayantənadə gana yaye, protistdə shima nəmgade eukaryoticbe ngəwuwo futu kəra DNA kəndarambe fəlezənayeyi. Protists nguwuso kuwami yaye bayantənyi.
Protistsdǝ alamaram alaube eukaryoteslan turunadə samma suron mbeji, kuru nguwunzaso adaptanza gade-gade fǝlezayin. Suro adǝyen diwalwa kǝmbube jili kada mbeji, tartip kǝmbu be lan (phagotrophya, osmotrophya, myzocytosisya) awu chloroplasts (phototrophyya), nguwu soro tuskatǝ sandi indi so tuskatin. Yintə cellularbedə gadejin dalil mitochondrianza faltəben. Protists samma so cytoskeleton nza tuskaata mbeji, gar donyi kǝltǝna ma suro wuratu lan, sunzǝ flagellar apparatus donyi tiyi lan tuwandin ma, shi donyi microtubules lan tuwandin ma, kuru gardo cellularye gafsǝnama dǝa banajin. Protists kambo so tiyi lan organelles donyi faida gade sadinma mbeji, alaman nasha vacuoles donyi homeostasis be ro, awu shim donyi nur asutu be ro. Protist cells du symbionts alaman bacteriaya archaeaya sawandin, kambowo soro kǝmbu nza kǝnza yin. Ada lan jima'i gǝnyiro gotin yaye, protist du raksa kǝnzambi sadin, kuru raksa kǝnǝnga gade-gade zaman gade-gade-a martawa kǝnǝngabe-a fǝlezayin.
Protists so dǝ nguwuro suro kǝndaram alagǝwa ye samma so lan mbeji, nasha zauro kǝnǝngaye mbeji, sandima awo faida donyi biogeochemical cycles a trophic webs a lan. Namtə awo tandomasoyen, sandidə nasha kura awo tando dunyabe-a carbon fixation-aye sadin. Sandi donyi kǝmbuma a kuru awo wurjin ma, fungal a bacteriaya ye nǝm nguwu nza kalzayin, kuru kǝmbu donyi trophicbe gade ro kolzayin. Laaye nəmkam ndikate protists gade-a au dabbawa alama corals-a termites-a. Laaye parasites faida'a. Protists donyi kwasuwa suwudin ma du, kasuwa donyi amso ye dabba so ye suwudin, alama malariaya toxoplasmosisya, aubiya kasuwa kǝskaye faida donyi clubroot a potato blight a. Protists donyi kǝlanzǝn kǝnǝngatǝma dǝ raksǝ kǝnǝnga suro njiye dǝga lejin sau algal ye fǝrǝmjin.
Wǝlango badiyaram donyi protist be dǝ, alau eukaryotes be dǝa kalkallo, shi donyi archaea lan yakkata ma saa biliyon 3 kozǝna lan, kuru darai lan kaka fal (LECA) ro tuwandin, alama donyi mitochondria, endomembrane donyi bayanjin ma, loktu laan woktu Paleozoicbe awu Mesoproterobe lan. Kate awoa indi adǝben, fossilsdǝ kambowo soro bayantǝna kǝla stem-group eukaryotesben, siffawa dawu-dawu lan. Ngawo LECA ye bayantǝnzǝ yen, duli nzǝ (crown-group eukaryotes) duwaro fafaltana suro saa miliyon 300 ye dǝlan, shi donyi supergroups zamanbe dǝa suwudǝna ma. Sonyayi, awo sandiya nǝmngǝngǝnzadǝ suro alagǝ kǝskaye dǝn gana hatta kawu Neoproterozoic ro, sado katabba buro salakyen fossil opisthokonts-a, amoebae-a, kuru algae-a samma bayanzana dǝn. Loktu Phanerozoicbe sammason, protistsdǝ shima alamado kuro ecosystemdǝga sunotinro wallada, awoa kada kolzana shido siliclan bowotinma.[1][2][3][4]